Harry E. Martz

Portrait of Harry E. Martz

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    martz2@llnl.gov
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    (925) 423-4269
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Harry Martz is the Director for Non-destructive Characterization Institute and a distinguished member of the technical staff at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Harry is leading a team of scientists and engineers to research, develop and apply nonintrusive characterization methods to better understand material properties and inspection of components and assemblies. He has applied CT to inspect one-millimeter sized laser targets, automobile and aircraft components, reactor-fuel tubes, new production reactor target particles, high explosives, explosive shaped charges, dinosaur eggs, concrete, and non-destructive radioactive assay of waste drum contents. Recent R&D efforts include CT imaging for conventional and homemade explosives detection in luggage and radiographic imaging of cargo to detect special nuclear materials and radiological dispersal devices. Dr. Martz has authored or co-authored over 300 papers. Harry and colleagues published a book on X-ray Imaging: Fundamentals, Industrial Techniques and Applications. He has also served on several National Academy of Sciences Committees on Aviation Security and was the Chair of the Committee on Airport Passenger Screening: Backscatter X-Ray Machines. Harry has been co-chair of the Awareness and Localization of Explosives-Related Threats, Advanced Development for Security Applications Workshops. He is also the chair for the revision of IEEE image quality standard N42.46. Harry joined the Laboratory in 1986 as a Physicist to develop the area of X-ray imaging and proton energy loss computed tomography for the non-destructive inspection of materials, components, and assemblies. He received his M.S. and Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics/Inorganic Chemistry from Florida State University, and his B.S. in Chemistry with a minor in physics from Siena Collage.

1986: Ph.D. Degree: Nuclear/Inorganic Chemistry Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306

1983: Master's Degree: Nuclear/Inorganic Chemistry Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306

1979: B.S. Degree (cum laude): Chemistry Siena College, Loudonville, NY 12211

National Academy of Science Reports:

  1. “Airport Passenger Screening Using Backscatter X-Ray Machines: Compliance with Standards,” Harry E. Martz, Jr., Chair, Barbara J. McNeil, Vice Chair, Sally A. Amundson, David E. ASPNES, Arnold Barnett, Thomas B. Borak, Leslie A. Braby, Mats P.E. Heimdahl, Sandra L. Hyland, Sheldon H. Jacobson, Jay Loeffler, C. Kumar N. Patel, Mauro Sardela, Zhi-Min Yuan, Committee on Airport Passenger Screening: Backscatter X-Ray Machines, National Materials and Manufacturing Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, and Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, ISBN 978-0-309-37133-9 and 0-309-37133-3, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (2016).
  2. “Engineering Aviation Security Environments—Reduction of False Alarms in Computed Tomography-Based Screening of Checked Baggage,” Sandra Hyland, Chair, Cheryl Bitner, R. Graham Cooks, Carl R. Crawford, B. John Garrick, Constantine Gatsonis, Gary H. Glover, Subhash R. Lele, Harry E. Martz, Jr., William Q. Meeker, Committee on Engineering Aviation Security Environments—False Positives from Explosive Detection Systems, National Materials and Manufacturing Board, National Research Council, ISBN 13: 978-0-309-21479-7 and 10: 0-309-21479-3, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (2013).
  3. “Fusion of Security System Data to Improve Airport Security,” James F. O’Bryon, Chair, Sandra L. Hyland, Vice Chair, Cheryl A. Bitner, Donald E. Brown, John B. Daly, Colin G. Drury, Patrick Griffin, Harry E. Martz, Jr., Richard McGee, Richard L. Rowe, and H. Bruce Wallace, Committee on Assessment of Security Technologies for Transportation, National Materials Advisory Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council, ISBN 13: 978-0-309-10748-8 and ISBN 10: 0-309-10748-2, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (2007).
  4. “Assessment of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technology for Detection and Identification of Concealed Explosives and Weapons,” James F. O’Bryon, Chair, Sandra L. Hyland, Vice Chair, Cheryl A. Bitner, Donald E. Brown, John B. Daly, Colin G. Drury, Patrick Griffin, Jiri Janata, Harry E. Martz, Jr., Richard McGee, Richard L. Rowe, and H. Bruce Wallace, Committee on Assessment of Security Technologies for Transportation, National Materials Advisory Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council, ISBN-10 0-309-10469-6 and ISBN-13 978-0-309-10469-2, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (2007).
  5. “Defending the U.S. Air Transportation System Against Chemical and Biological Threats,” James F. O’Bryon, Chair, Sandra L. Hyland, Vice Chair, Cheryl A. Bitner, Donald E. Brown, John B. Daly, Colin G. Drury, Patrick Griffin, Jiri Janata, Harry E. Martz, Jr., Richard McGee, Richard L. Rowe, Eric R. Schwartz, Michael Story, and H. Bruce Wallace, Committee on Assessment of Security Technologies for Transportation, National Materials Advisory Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council, ISBN 0-309-10074-7, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (2006).
  6. “Opportunities to Improve Airport Passenger Screening with Mass Spectrometry,” Thomas S. Hartwick (chair), Sandra L. Hyland, Cheryl A. Bitner, Donald E. Brown ,Colin G. Drury, Patrick Griffin, Jiri Janata, Len Limmer, Harry E. Martz, Jr., Richard McGee, James F. O’Bryon, Richard L. Rowe, Eric R. Schwartz, Elizabeth H. Slate, and Michael Story, Committee on Assessment of Security Technologies for Transportation, National Materials Advisory Board, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council, ISBN 0-309-53257-4 (PDF), ISBN 0-309-09227-2 (Book), National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (2004).
  7. “Committee on Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security Letter Report,” Thomas S. Hartwick (chair), Robert Berkebile, Homer Boynton, Barry D. Crane,Colin Drury, Len Limmer, Harry E. Martz, Eric R. Schwartz, Elizabeth H. Slate, Michael Story, Panel on Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security, National Materials Advisory Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council, Publication NMAB-, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. in press (2002).
  8. “Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis for Aviation Security,” Patrick Griffin (chair), Robert Berkebile, Homer Boyton, Len Limmer, Harry Martz, and Clinton Oster, Jr., Committee on Commercial Aviation Security, Panel on the Assessment of Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security, National Materials Advisory Board, National Research Council, Contract No. DTF-A02-99-C00006, 2002.
  9. “Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security, Second Report: Progress Toward Objectives” Thomas S. Hartwick (chair), Sandra L. Hyland (Vice Chair), Robert Berkebile, Cherly A. Bitner, Barry D. Crane, Colin Drury, Patrick Griffin, Jiri Janata, Len Limmer, Harry E. Martz, Jr., James F. O’Bryon, Eric R. Schwartz, Elizabeth H. Slate, and Michael Story, Committee on Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security, National Materials Advisory Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council, Publication NMAB-503, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (2002).
  10. “Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security, First Report,” Thomas S. Hartwick (chair), Robert Berkebile, Homer Boynton, Barry D. Crane,Colin Drury, Len Limmer, Harry E. Martz, Joseph A. Navarro, Eric R. Schwartz, Elizabeth H. Slate, Michael Story, Panel on Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security, National Materials Advisory Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council, Publication NMAB-482-5, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (1999).
  11. “The Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security,” Patrick Griffin (chair), Robert Berkebile, Homer Boyton, Len Limmer, Harry Martz, and Clinton Oster, Jr., Committee on Commercial Aviation Security, Panel on the Assessment of Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security, National Materials Advisory Board, National Research Council, Report No. DOT/FAA/AR-99/17, March 1999.
  12. “Configuration Management and Performance Verification of Explosives-Detection Systems,” Harry Martz (Chair), Kate Alvarado, John Baer, .Susan Dart, Robert Gagne, Donald LeBell, Armin Pfoh, Anthony Shumskas, and Michael Story, Committee on Commercial Aviation Security, Panel on Technical Regulation of Explosive-Detection Systems, National Materials Advisory Board, Commission On Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council, Publication NMAB-482-3, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1998.
  13. “Committee on Commercial Aviation Security Second Interim Report” Jesse Beauchamp, Jr., Homer Boynton, Barry D. Crane, John Denker, Patrick Griffin, Douglas H. Harris, Wilfred Jackson, Harry E. Martz, Jimmie C. Oxley, Michael Story, and George Swenson, Committee on Commercial Aviation Security, National Materials Advisory Board, Commission On Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council, Report No. DOT/FAA/AR-97-57, July 1997.
  14. “Airline Passenger Security Screening; New Technologies and Implementation Issues” George Swenson, Jr., Homer Boynton, Barry D. Crane, Douglas H. Harris, Wilfred Jackson, Jiri Jinata, Kenneth R. Laughery, Harry E. Martz, Kenneth Mossman, and Paul Rothstein, Committee on Commercial Aviation Security, Panel on Passenger Screening, National Materials Advisory Board, Commission On Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council, Publication NMAB-482-1, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 1996.
  15. “Committee on Commercial Aviation Security Interim Report” Jesse Beauchamp, Jr., Homer Boynton, Barry D. Crane, John Denker, Patrick Griffin, Douglas H. Harris, Wilfred Jackson, Harry E. Martz, Jimmie C. Oxley, Michael Story, and George Swenson, Committee on Commercial Aviation Security, National Materials Advisory Board, Commission On Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council, Report No. DOT/FAA/AR-96-51, April 1996.

Text books:

  1. “Dual-Energy X-ray Radiography and Computed Tomography,” Harry E. Martz, Jr. and Steven M. Glenn, in Nondestructive Testing Handbook, fourth edition: Volume 3, Radiographic Testing, Richard H. Bossi, and Trey Gordon, Technical Editors, American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH, 2019; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94551, LLNL-BOOK-753617, June 2018.
  2. X-ray Imaging: Fundamentals, Industrial Techniques and Applications, Harry E. Martz, Jr., Clint M. Logan, Daniel J. Schneberk and Pete J. Shull, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2017.
  3. “Image Data Analysis,” Daniel J. Schneberk and Harry E. Martz, in Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition: Volume 4, Radiographic Testing, Richard H. Bossi, Frank A. Iddings, George C. Wheeler, and Patrick O. Moore, American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, OH, 2002.
  4. “Radiology,” Harry E. Martz, Jr., Clinton M. Logan and Peter J. Shull, in Nondestructive Evaluation: Theory, Techniques and Applications, Peter J. Shull, Ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, 2002; UCRL-JC-144657, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, August, 2001.
  5. “Industrial Computed Tomographic Imaging,” Harry E. Martz, Jr. and Daniel J. Schneberk, in Advanced Signal Processing Handbook: Theory and Implementation for Radar, Sonar and Medical Imaging Real-Time Systems, Stergios Stergiopoulos, Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton 2001; UCRL-JC-137936, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, March, 2000.

Refereed journals:

  1. Seemeen Karimi; William Brown; Chris Thornton; Qiang Chen; Steven Glenn; Michael F. Skeate; Robert Jacob; Kei Nakamura; Tobias Ostermayr; Jeroen van Tilborg; Cameron Geddes; Harry Martz, CT results using an inverse Compton x-ray source, Proc. SPIE 12531, Anomaly Detection and Imaging with X-Rays (ADIX) VIII, 1253102 (14 June 2023); doi: 10.1117/12.2665210
  2. Champley, Kyle M., Trevor M. Willey, Hyojin Kim, Karina Bond, Steven M. Glenn, Jerel A. Smith, Jeffrey S. Kallman et al. "Livermore tomography tools: Accurate, fast, and flexible software for tomographic science." NDT & E International 126 (2022): 102595.
  3. K. Aditya Mohan, Kyle M. Champley, Albert W. Reed, Steven M. Glenn, Harry E. Martz Jr., "Iterative reconstruction of the electron density and effective atomic number using a non-linear forward model," Proc. SPIE 12104, Anomaly Detection and Imaging with X-Rays (ADIX) VII, 1210403 (3 June 2022); doi: 10.1117/12.2625136.
  4. Matteo Busia, K. Aditya Mohan, Alex A. Dooraghi, Kyle M., Champley, Harry E. Martz, Ulrik L. Olsen, Method for System-Independent Material Characterization from Spectral X-ray CT, NDT & E International 107 (2019): 102136.
  5. Champley, K.M., Azevedo, S.G., Seetho, I.M., Glenn, S.M., McMichael, L.D., Smith, J.A., Kallman, J.S., Brown, W.D. and Martz, H.E., 2019. “Method to Extract System-Independent Material Properties from Dual-Energy X-ray CT,” IEEE Trans. Nuc. Sci., vol. 66, no. 3, 2019.
  6. David W. Paglieroni, Hema Chandrasekaran, Christian Pechard and Harry E. Martz Jr., Consensus Relaxation on Materials of Interest for Adaptive ATR in CT Images of Baggage (Invited Paper), SPIE ADIX # SI18D SPIE Defense and Security Symposium, Anomaly Detection and Imaging with X-Rays (ADIX) III, Orlando, Florida, USA, April 17-18, 2018.
  7. Jolyon A. Browne, Harry E. Martz, Jr., Stephen G. Azevedo, and Joseph W. Tringe, “AN Overview of Nondestructive Evaluation and Characterization at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,” Mat. Eval., vol. 76, no. 7, pp. 931-939, 2018.
  8. H. E., Martz, Glenn, S.M., Smith, J.A., Divin, C.J. and Azevedo, S.G., Poly-versus Mono-Energetic Dual-Spectrum Non-Intrusive Inspection of Cargo Containers. IEEE T Nucl Sci, 64(7), pp. 1709-1718 (2017).
  9. Stephen G. Azevedo, Harry E. Martz, Jr., Maurice B. Aufderheide, III, William D. Brown, Kyle M. Champley, Jeffrey S. Kallman, G. Patrick Roberson, Daniel Schneberk, Isaac M. Seetho, and Jerel A. Smith, System-independent characterization of materials using dual-energy computed tomography, IEEE T Nucl Sci, 63, No. 1, pp. 341-350, 2016.
  10. S. Karimi, H. Martz, and P. Cosman, “Metal artifact reduction for CT-based luggage screening,” Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 435-451 (2015).
  11. S. Karimi, X. Jiang, P. Cosman, H. Martz, “Flexible Methods for Segmentation Evaluation: Results from CT-based Luggage Screening”, Journal of X-ray Science and Technology, 22 (2) pp. 175-195, 2014. (LLNL-TR-614433)
  12. Seemeen Karimi, Pamela Cosman, Christoph Wald, and Harry Martz, “Segmentation of Artifacts and Anatomy in CT Metal Artifact Reduction", Med. Phys., 39 (10) pp. 5857-68, 2012. (LLNL-TR-522860)
  13. Fabrication of Double Shell Targets with a Glass Inner Capsule Supported by SiO2 Aerogel for Shots on the Omega Laser in August 2006,” Matthew Bono, Don Bennett, Carlos Castro, Joe Satcher, John Poco, Bill Brown, Harry Martz, Nick Teslich, Robin Hibbard, Peter Armendt, Harry Robey, Jose Milovich, and Russell Wallace, Fusion Science and Technology; 51, No. 4, pp. 611-625, May , 2007 http://www.new.ans.org/pubs/journals/fst/a_1453 and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-JRNL-218242-DRAFT, 2006.
  14. “Validation of Radiographic Simulation Codes Including X-ray Phase-Effects for Millimeter Size Objects with Micrometer Structures,” Harry E. Martz, Jr., Bernard J. Kozioziemski, Sean K. Lehman, Stefan Hau-Riege, Daniel J. Schneberk and Anton Barty, JOSA A, 24, No. 1, 169-178 (2007); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-JRNL-218242-DRAFT, December 2005. http://www.opticsinfobase.org/josaa/fulltext.cfm?uri=josaa-24-1-169&id=119830
  15. “As-Built Modeling of Objects for Performance Assessment,” Edwin J. Kokko, Harry E. Martz, Jr., Diane J. Chinn, Henry R. Childs, Jessie A. Jackson, David H. Chambers, Daniel J. Schneberk, and Grace A. Clark, Transactions of the ASME, JCISE; 6, 405-417 (2006); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-JRNL-215446-DRAFT, 2005.
  16. “X-ray imaging of cryogenic deuterium-tritium layers in a beryllium capsule,” B. J. Kozioziemski, J. D. Slater, J. D. Moody, J. J. Sanchez, R. A. London, A. Barty, H. E. Martz, Jr. and D. S. Montgomery, J. Appl. Phys., 98, 103105 (2005); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-JRNL-212893, 2005.
  17. “Quantitative Characterization of Inertial Confinement Fusion Capsules Using Phase Contrast Enhanced X-Ray Imaging”, B. J., Kozioziemski, J. A. Koch, A. Barty, H. E. Martz, Wah-Keat Lee and Kamel
    Harry Martz Curriculum Vitae, Page 10
    Fezzaa, J. Appl. Phys., 97, 063103, (2005); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-JRNL-205025, 2004.
  18. “Non-Destructive Waste-Drum Assay for Transuranic Content by Gamma-Ray Active and Passive Computed Tomography,” D.C. Camp, H.E. Martz, G.P. Roberson, D.J. Decman, and R.T. Bernardi, NIM A 495 (2002) 69-83; UCRL-JC-144157, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, June 2001.
  19. “Three Dimensional Void Analysis of AM60B Magnesium Alloy Tensile Bars Using Computed Tomography Imagery,” A.M. Waters, H.E. Martz, K.W. Dolan, M.F. Horstemeyer and R.E. Green, Jr., Mat. Eval., 58(2000)1221-1227.
  20. “Finite Element Analysis of Human Joints: Image Processing and Meshing Issues,” P-L. Bossart, H. E. Martz, and K. Hollerbach, Proceedings International Conference on Image Processing, September 16 - 19,1996, Lausanne, Switzerland, Sponsored by The IEEE Signal Processing Society,Volume 111 of I11 (1996) 285-288.
  21. “Finite element analysis of human joints based on high-resolution X-ray CT and on template-based volumetric meshing,” P-L Bossart, H. E. Martz, H. R. Brand, K. Hollerbach and K.C. Underhill, submitted to the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Proceedings to be held in San Francisco in June 1996.
  22. "Nuclear Waste Drum Characterization with 2 MeV X-ray and Gamma-ray Tomography," Richard T. Bernardi and Harry E. Martz, Jr., Mat. Eval., Vol. 53, No. 10, October 1995.
  23. "Three Dimensional Imaging of a Moltent-Salt-Extracted Plutonium Button Using Both Active and Passive Gamma-ray Computed Tomography, " T. F. Wang, H. E. Martz, G. P. Roberson, E. A. Henry, W. D. Ruhter, and L. O. Hester, UCRL-JC116139, Nucl. Inst. and Meth. A 353 (1994) 672-677.
  24. "Computerized Tomography Analysis of Reinforced Concrete," Harry E. Martz, Daniel J. Schneberk, G. Patrick Roberson, and Paulo J. M. Monteiro, ACI Mats. J., 90: 259-264 (1993).
  25. "Computed Tomography Assessment of Reinforced Concrete," Harry E. Martz, Daniel J. Schneberk, G. Patrick Roberson, and Paulo J. M. Monteiro, Nondestr. Test. Eval., 8-9 (1992) pp. 1035-1047.
  26. "Computerized Tomography Studies of Concrete Samples," H. E. Martz, G. P. Roberson, M. F. Skeate, D. J. Schneberk, and S. G. Azevedo, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., B58:216, (1991).
  27. "Computerized Tomography of High Explosives," H. E. Martz, D. J. Schneberk, S. G. Azevedo, and S. K. Lynch, Nondestructive Characterization of Materials IV, Eds. C.O Ruud, et al. (Plenum Press, New York, 1991) pp. 187-195.
  28. "Nuclear-Spectroscopy-Based, First-Generation, Computerized Tomography Scanners'" H. E. Martz, G. P. Roberson, D. J. Schneberk, and S. G. Azevedo, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 38(1991)623.
  29. "Computed Tomography Systems and Their Industrial Applications," H. E. Martz, S. G. Azevedo, J. M. Brase, K. E. Waltjen, and D. J. Schneberk, Appl. Radiat. Isot. 41(1990)943.
  30. "Sources of Error in Industrial Tomographic Reconstructions," D. J. Schneberk, S. G. Azevedo, H. E. Martz, and M. F. Skeate, Mat. Eval., 48(1990)609.
  31. "Occupancy of Single-Proton Orbitals in 148Gd," L. G. Mann, D. J. Decman, H. E. Martz, T. N. Massey, G. L. Struble, P. Kleinheinz, H. J. Scheerer, D. G. Burke, and G. Kajrys, Zeitschrift Für Physik A 337(1990)301.
  32. "Calculation of the Rotational Centers in Computed Tomography Sinograms," S. G. Azevedo, D. J. Schneberk, J. P. Fitch, and H. E. Martz, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 37(1990)1525.
    Harry Martz Curriculum Vitae, Page 11
  33. "Ion Microbeam Tomography," A. E. Pontau, A. J. Antolak, D. H. Morse, A. A. Ver Berkmoes, J. M. Brase, D. W. Heikkinen, H. E. Martz, and I. D. Proctor, Nucl. Instr. and Meth., B40/41(1989)646.
  34. "The Study of Octupole Deformations in 227Ac by Single-Proton Stripping Reactions: 226Ra(α,t)227Ac and 226Ra(3He,d)227Ac," H. E. Martz, R. K. Sheline, R. G. Lanier, R. W. Hoff, G. L. Struble, D. J. Decman, D. G. Burke, R. R. Chasman, and R. A. Naumann, Phys. Rev. C, 37(1988)1407.
  35. "X-ray Imaging: Status and Trends," R. W. Ryon, H. E. Martz, J. M. Hernandez, J. J. Haskins, R. A. Day, J. M. Brase, B. J. Cross and D. C. Wherry, Adv. X-Ray Anal. 31(1988)35.
  36. “Experimental Tests for Stable Octupole Deformation in Actinium-227,” Harry Edward Martz, Jr., Ph.D. Dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, April 1986.
  37. "The 152,154Eu(t,α) Reactions: Studies of the 11/2[505] bands in 151Sm and 153Sm," H. E. Martz, R. G. Lanier, G. L. Struble, L. G. Mann, R. K. Sheline, and W. Stöffl, Nucl. Phys, A439(1985)299.

Proceedings:

  1. “Consensus Relaxation on Materials of Interest for Adaptive ATR in CT Images of Baggage”, D. Paglieroni, H. Chandrasekaran, C. Pechard and H. Martz Jr., Proc. SPIE SI18D SPIE Defense and Security Symposium, Anomaly Detection and Imaging with X-Rays (ADIX) III, Orlando, FL, USA, April 17-18, 2018.
  2. “Development of a Multi-Energy Flash Computed Tomography Diagnostic for Three Dimensional Imaging of Ballistic Experiments,” Michael B. Zellner, Kyle Champley, Larry McMichael, Harry Martz, Ronald Cantrell, Corey E. Yonce, Kenneth W. Dudeck, Chester A. Benjamin, Robert W. Borys, David R. Schall, Allen P Ducote III, Thomas J. O’Connor, Thomas E. Nellenbach, Nathan J. Sturgill, Thomas L. Quigg, Seth T. Halsey, Jennifer A. Benjamin, and Benjamin P. Huntzinger, Development of a Multi-Energy Flash Computed Tomography Diagnostic for Three Dimensional Imaging of Ballistic Experiments, Conference Proceedings of the 20th Biennial Conference of the APS Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, 2017.
  3. “CT Dual-energy Decomposition into X-ray Signatures ρe and Z e,” (Invited Paper), Harry E. Martz, Jr., Isaac M. Seetho, Kyle M. Champley, Jerel A. Smith, Stephen G. Azevedo, Proc. SPIE 9847, Anomaly Detection and Imaging with X-Rays (ADIX), 984701, Vol. 9847 (10 June 2016); doi: 10.1117/12.2244794.
  4. “Effects of powder morphology and particle size on CT number estimates,” Jeffrey S. Kallman, Sabrina dePiero, Stephen Azevedo, and Harry E. Martz, Proceedings Volume 9020, Computational Imaging XII; 90200K (2014); doi: 10.1117/12.2048876, March 7, 2014.
  5. “Metal Artifact Reduction for CT-Based Luggage Screening," S. Karimi, H. Martz, and P.C. Cosman, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP, 2014.
  6. “CT to Evaluate of Distortions in Stainless-Steel AM Structures,” H. E. Martz, C. Divin, R. M. Panas, W. D. Brown, S. C. Burke, H. Rathbun, P. A. Alexander, J. A. Smith, J. S. Taylor, 2014 ASPE Spring Topical Meeting: Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Finish in Additive Manufacturing, Berkeley, CA, April 13-16, 2014.
  7. "Evaluation of Segmentation Algorithms in CT Scanning," S. Karimi, X. Jiang, P. Cosman, and H. Martz, 2nd IEEE Conference on Healthcare Informatics, Imaging, and Systems Biology, September 2012. (LLNL-ABS-611452).
    Harry Martz Curriculum Vitae, Page 12
  8. “Using Segmentation in CT Metal Artifact Reduction,” Seemeen Karimi, Pamela Cosman, Harry Martz, Christoph Wald, 2012 IEEE Southwest Symposium on Image Analysis and Interpretation, SSIAI, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, April 22-24, 2012. (LLNL-TR-522860)
  9. “X-ray Digital Radiography and Computed Tomography of ICF and HEDP Materials, Subassemblies and Targets,” William D. Brown and Harry E. Martz, Jr., Digital Imaging IX, An ASNT® Topical Conference, Mashantucket, CT, July 24-26, 2006, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-PROC-221772, 2006.
  10. “Analysis and modeling of phase contrast radiography of gradient density laser targets,” Maurice B. Aufderheide III, William D. Brown, Alex V. Hamza, Hye-Sook Park, Harry E. Martz, Jr., Bruce A. Remington, John A. Rogers, Saekwoo Jeon, and Yun-Suk Nam, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 579 (2007) 223–226; 2006 Symposium on Radiation Measurements and Applications (SORMA XI), University of Michigan, May 23-25, 2006; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-CONF-221511, 2006.
  11. “HADES, A Code for Simulating a Variety of Radiographic Techniques,” Maurice B. Aufderheide, Gary Henderson, Alexis E. Schach von Wittenau, Dale M. Slone, Anton Barty and Harry E. Martz, Jr.,” in IEEE 2004 Medical Imaging Conference Proceedings, Rome Italy, October 19-22, 2004; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-PROC-207617, November 2004.
  12. “Simulation of Phase Effects in Imaging for Mesoscale NDE,” Maurice B. Aufderheide III, Anton Barty, and Harry E. Martz, Jr., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-CONF-206263, September 2004; Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 24A AIP Proceedings 760, pp. 663-670, 2004.
  13. “Studies of Dynamic Failure of Steel Pipes Using X-Ray Radiography,” Maurice B. Aufderheide III, Thaddeus J. Orzechowski, John D. Molitoris, Anne J. Sunwoo, Charles F. Cook III, Ernie Urquidez, Gurcharn S. Dhillon, Jeffrey B. Chandler, Martin R. de Haven, Gary E. Steinhour, Dale M. Slone, Alexis E. Schach von Wittenau, Jessie A. Jackson, Harry Martz, Jr., and Dennis M. Goodman, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, UCRL-JC-143473-Conference September 2001; submitted to Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 2001.
  14. “HADES-CCG A New Tomographic Reconstruction Tool,” Harry E. Martz, Jr., Maurice B. Aufderheide, III, James Hall, Alexis Schach von Wittenau, Dennis Goodman, Clint Logan, Jessie Jackson and Dale Slone, Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, 16-20 July 2000, Ames Iowa, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, Eds., AIP Conference Proceedings 557 (American Institute of Physics, New York) 20 pp. 724-731; UCRL-JC-138604, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, September 2000.
  15. “Statistical Void Analysis from CT Imagery with Applications to Damage Evolution in an AM60B Magnesium Alloy,” Amy M. Waters, Harry E. Martz, Kenneth W. Dolan, Mark F. Horstemeyer, and Robert E. Green, Jr., 15th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing, Roma 2000, October 15 - 21, 2000, Rome, Italy
    http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt00/papers/idn595/idn595.htm; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, UCRL-JC-139132 (2000).
  16. “Computed Tomography of Human Joints and Radioactive Waste Drums,” Harry E. Martz, G. Patrick Roberson, Karin Hollerbach, Clinton M. Logan, Elaine Ashby and Richard Bernardi, Proceedings of Nondestructive Characterization of Materials™ IX, R. E. Green, Jr. (ed), Sydney, Australia, June 28-July 2, 1999, AIP Conference Proceedings 497, Melville, NY, pp.607-615; UCRL-JC-133381, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, June, 1999.
    Harry Martz Curriculum Vitae, Page 13
  17. “Assay of Contained Waste Using Active and Passive Computed Tomography,” G. Patrick Roberson, Harry E. Martz, and Dave Nisius, 1999 Winter Meeting, American Nuclear Society Transactions, Long Beach, CA, November 14-18, 1999, 81, pp. 229-231; UCRL-JC-134556 SUM, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 1999.
  18. “Characterization of Damage Evolution in an AM60 Magnesium Alloy by Computed Tomography,” Amy M. Waters, Harry Martz, Ken Dolan, Mark Horstemeyer, Derrill Rikard, and Robert Green, Proceedings of Nondestructive Characterization of Materials™ IX, R. E. Green, Jr. (ed) Sydney, Australia, June 28-July 2, 1999, AIP Conference Proceedings 497, Melville, NY, pp. 616-621; UCRL-JC-132804, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, June 1999.
  19. “High Energy X-ray Radiography and Computed Tomography of Bridge Pins,” Amy M. Waters, Harry E. Martz, Clint M. Logan, Earl Updike, and Robert E. Green, Jr. Proceedings of the Second Japan-US Symposium on Advances in NDT, Kahuku, Hawaii, June 21-25, 1999, pp. 433-438; UCRL-JC-132822, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, January 1999.
  20. “An Active and Passive Computed Tomography Algorithm with a Constrained Conjugate Gradient Solution,” Jessie A. Jackson, Dennis Goodman, G. Patrick Roberson, and Harry E. Martz, Proceedings of the 6th Nondestructive Assay and Nondestructive Examination Waste Characterization Conference, Salt Lake, Utah, November 17-19, 1998, pp. 325-358; UCRL-JC-130818, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, November 1998.
  21. “Active and Passive Computed Tomography for Nondestructive Assay,” G. Patrick Roberson, Harry E. Martz, Daniel J. Decman, Jessie A. Jackson, DeLynn Clark, Richard T. Bernardi, and David C. Camp, 6th Nondestructive Assay and Nondestructive Examination Waste Characterization Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, November 17-19, 1998 pp. 359-385; UCRL-JC-129688, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, November 1998.
  22. “Nondestructive Assay Using Active and Passive Computed Tomography,” G. Patrick Roberson, Harry E. Martz, Daniel J. Decman, and David C. Camp, to be published in Proceedings of the INMM Conference, Naples, FL, July 26-30, 1998, pp. #; UCRL-JC-129688, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, July 1998.
  23. “Gamma-ray Scanner Systems for Nondestructive Assay of Heterogeneous Waste Barrels,” Harry E. Martz, Daniel J. Decman, G. Patrick Roberson, and Ferenc Lévai, IAEA-sponsored Symposium on International Safeguards, Vienna, Austria, October 13-17, 1997; UCRL-JC-126865, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, March 1997.
  24. “TRU Waste Assay Using Active And Passive Computed Tomography,” Daniel J. Decman, Harry E. Martz, G. Patrick Roberson, and Erik Johansson, Submitted to the Nondestructive Assay and Nondestructive Examination Waste Characterization Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, January, 1997; UCRL-JC-125305 ABS, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, November 1996.
  25. “High Resolution Hand Dataset for Joint Modeling,” K. Hollerbach, A. E. Ashby, C. Logan, H. Martz, P.L. Bossart, and D. Rikard, Proceedings American Society of Biomechanics Conference, Atlanta, Oct., 1996.
  26. "Visualization Software in Research Environments," Pierre-Louis Bossart and Harry Martz, submitted to Engineering Tools for Life-Cycle NDE, 5th Annual research Symposium, Norfolk, VA April #, 1996, UCRL-JC-122795 Ext. Abs., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, March 1996.
  27. "Nondestructive Assay of TRU Waste Using Gamma-ray Active and Passive Computed Tomography," G. Patrick Roberson, Daniel J. Decman, Harry E. Martz, Eric R. Keto, and Erik M. Johansson, Proceedings of the Nondestructive Assay and Nondestructive Examination Waste Characterization Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 24-26, 1995, pp 73-84; UCRL-JC-121184, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, October 1995.
  28. "Spatial Resolution Versus Signal to Noise in Quantitative Tomography," Eric Keto, Steve Azevedo, Pat Roberson, Dan Decman, Harry Martz, and Erik Johansson, Proceedings of the Nondestructive Assay and Nondestructive Examination Waste Characterization Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 24-26, 1995, pp. 405-420; UCRL- ID-120523, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, April 1995.
  29. "Application of 3D X-Ray CT Data Sets to Finite Element Analysis," P-L Bossart, H. E. Martz, H. R. Brand, K. Hollerbach, Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, Eds. (Plenum Press, New York, 1996) 15 pp. 489-496; UCRL-JC-120894, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, August 1995.
  30. “Characterization of Static- and Fatigue-Loaded Carbon Composites by X-Ray CT,” Valentina Savona, Harry E. Martz, Hal R. Brand, Scott E. Groves and Steven J. DeTeresa, Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, Eds. (Plenum Press, New York, 1996) 15 pp. 1223-1230; UCRL-JC-121680, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, August 1995.
  31. "Waste Characterization Activities at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory," G. Patrick Roberson, Harry E. Martz, Jerry Haskins, and Daniel J. Decman, Proceedings of the INMM Conference, Pocatello, Idaho, July , 1995, pp. 966-971; UCRL-JC-119959, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, July 1995.
  32. "Radioactive Waste Realities as Revealed by X- and Gamma-ray Measurements," Harry E. Martz, Daniel J. Decman, G. Patrick Roberson, David C. Camp, and Richard T. Bernardi American Chmical Society 1995 Extended Abstracts for the Special Symposium on Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management VII,Atlanta, GA, September 17-20, 1995, pp. 889-294; UCRL-JC-120896, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, September 1995.
  33. "Nuclear Waste Drum Characterization with 2 MeV X-ray and Gamma-ray Tomography," Richard T. Bernardi and Harry E. Martz, Jr., Proceedings of the SPIE's 1995 International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation (Vol. 2519), San Diego, CA, July 13-14,1995.
  34. "Characterization of Waste Drums Using Nonintrusive Active and Passive Computed Tomography," G. Patrick Roberson, Harry E. Martz, Daniel J. Decman, David C. Camp, Stephen G. Azevedo, and Eric R. Keto, Proceedings of the Nondestructive Assay and Nondestructive Examination Waste Characterization Conference, Pocatello, Idaho, February 14-16, 1994, pp. 261-294; UCRL-JC-118317, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, August 1994.
  35. "Real-Time Radiography, Digital Radiography, and Computed Tomography for Nonintrusive Waste Drum Characterization,” Harry E. Martz, Daniel J. Schneberk, and G. Patrick Roberson, Proceedings of the Nondestructive Assay and Nondestructive Examination Waste Characterization Conference, Pocatello, Idaho, February 14-16, 1994, pp. 295-342; UCRL-JC-115670, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, July 1994.
  36. "Design and Construction of a 208-L Drum Containing Representative LLNL Transuranic and Low-Level Wastes,” David C. Camp, John Pickering, and Harry E. Martz, Proceedings of the Nondestructive Assay and Nondestructive Examination Waste Characterization Conference, Pocatello, Idaho, February 14-16, 1994; UCRL-JC-115672, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, February 1994.
    Harry Martz Curriculum Vitae, Page 15
  37. "Potential of Computed Tomography for Inspection of Aircraft Components," Stephen G. Azevedo, Harry E. Martz, and Daniel J. Schneberk, Proceedings of the SPIE International Symposium on Optics, Imaging, and Instrumentation, July 11-16, 1993, San Diego, California; UCRL-JC-113475, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, August, 1993.
  38. “Three dimensional nonintrusive imaging of obscured objects by x-ray and gamma-ray computed tomography,” H. E. Martz, D. J. Schneberk, and G. P. Roberson, Proceedings Underground and Obscured Object Imaging and Detection, Orlando, FL, April 15-16,1993, 1942(1993)236-249; UCRL-JC-113474, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, May 1993.
  39. “X- and G-Ray Computed Tomography Application at LLNL: G. P. Roberson, H. E. Martz, D. J. Schneberk, and S. G. Azevedo, submitted to the Proceedings of the 1993 JANNAF Nondestructive Evaluation Subcommittee Meeting, Livermore, CA, April 26-28,1993; UCRL-JC-113741, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, April 1993.
  40. "Experimental A&PCT Research and Development Efforts to Characterize Mixed Waste Forms,” H. E. Martz, G. P Roberson, C. Robert-Coutant, and D. C. Camp, Proceedings of the Transuranic Waste Characterization Conference, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, August 10-12, 1992; UCRL-JC-110826, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, December, 1992.
  41. "Simulated A&PCT Data to Study the Mixed Waste Forms Characterization Problem,” C. Robert-Coutant, H. E. Martz, and S. G. Azevedo, Proceedings of the Transuranic Waste Characterization Conference, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, August 10-12, 1992; UCRL-JC-110827, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, October, 1992.
  42. "Hybrid Domain-Iterative Algorithms for Computed Tomography Reconstruction," S.G. Azevedo, J.P. Fitch, H.E. Martz, and D.J. Schneberk, submitted to the IEEE Nuclear Science Proceedings, Orlando, FL, October 25-31, 1992; UCRL-JC-110437-ABS, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, October 1992.
  43. "Preliminary Minimum Detectable Limit Measurements in 208-L Drums for Selected Actinide Isotopes in Mock-Waste Matrices,” David C. Camp, Tzu-Fang Wang, and H. E. Martz, Proceedings of the Transuranic Waste Characterization Conference, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, August 10-12, 1992; UCRL-JC-111345, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, July 1992.
  44. "Nondestructive Characterization of TRU and LLW Mixed-Wastes Using Active and Passive Gamma-Ray Spectrometry/computed Tomography,” David C. Camp and Harry E. Martz, Proceedings of the Information Exchange Meeting on Characterization, Sensors, and Monitoring Technologies, Dallas, TX July 15-16, 1992; UCRL-JC-110686 SUM, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, July 1992.
  45. “Quantitative Waste Assay Using Gamma-Ray Spectrometry and Computed Tomography,” H. E. Martz, G. P. Roberson, C. Robert-Coutant, D. J. Schneberk, and D. C. Camp, Proceedings of the 14th Annual ESARDA Meeting, Salamanca, Spain, May 4-8,1992, p. 273; UCRL-110716, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, May 1992.
  46. “Quantitative Waste-Form Assay Using Gamma-ray Computed Tomography,” H. E. Martz, G. P. Roberson, C. Robert-Coutant, D. J. Schneberk, and D. C. Camp, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Spectroscopy and Structure of Molecules and Nuclei, Tallahassee, FL, March 27-29,1992, pp. 349-357; UCRL-JC-110648, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, May 1992.
  47. "Isotopic Assays of Nuclear Waste Using Gamma-ray Spectrometry and Tomographic Techniques," D. C. Camp, H. E. Martz, Z. M. Koenig, and S. G. Azevedo, Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc., 63:66 (1991); UCRL-JC-106160 SUM, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, November 1991.
  48. "Explosives Detection Limitations Using Dual-Energy Radiography and Computed Tomography," K.W. Dolan, R.W. Ryon, D.J. Schneberk, H.E. Martz, and R.D. Rikard, submitted to First International Symposium on Explosives Detection Technology, Atlantic City, NJ, November 13-15, 1991 p 252; UCRL-JC-108254, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, November 1991.
  49. "Considerations for an Active and Passive CT Scanner to Assay Nuclear Waste Drums," H. E. Martz, S. G. Azevedo, G. P. Roberson, D. J. Schneberk, Z. M. Koenig, and D. C. Camp, ASNT's Industrial Computed Tomography Conference II, Topical Conference Paper Summaries, May 20-24, San Diego, CA, 143 (1991); UCRL-JC-105265, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA April 1991.
  50. "Computed Tomography of Replica Carbon," C.M. Logan, G.P. Roberson, D.L. Weirup, J.C. Davis, I.D. Proctor, D.W. Heikkinen, M.L. Roberts, H.E. Martz, D.J. Schneberk, S.G. Azevedo, A. E. Pontau, A. J. Antolak, and D. H. Morse, ASNT's Industrial Computed Tomography Conference II, Topical Conference Paper Summaries, May 20-24, San Diego, CA, 61 (1991); UCRL-JC-106956, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA April 1991.
  51. "Industrial Computerized Tomography Applications," Harry E. Martz, Daniel J. Schneberk, and Stephen G. Azevedo, 1991 ASNT Spring Conference, March 18-21, Oakland, California, 78, (1991).
  52. "Nuclear-Spectroscopy Computerized Tomography Scanners," G.P. Roberson, H.E. Martz, D.J. Schneberk, and C.L. Logan, 1991 ASNT Spring Conference, March 18-21, Oakland, California, 107 (1991).
  53. "Design, Performance, and Application of a CCD Camera-Based CT System," H. E. Martz, M. F. Skeate, D. J. Schneberk, and S. G. Azevedo, Proc of ASNT Topical Conference on Industrial Computerized Tomography, July 25–27, Seattle, Wash., American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, (1989)34.
  54. "Data acquisition Errors and the Choice of Filter in filtered backprojection algorithms," D. J. Schneberk, H. E. Martz, S. G. Azevedo, and M. F. Skeate, Proc of ASNT Topical Conference on Industrial Computerized Tomography , July 25–27, Seattle, Wash., American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, (1989)108.
  55. "Multiple-Energy Techniques in Industrial Computerized Tomography," D.J. Schneberk, H.E. Martz, and S.G. Azevedo, Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, Eds. (Plenum Press, New York, 1991) pp. 451-458.
  56. "A Radon Transform Computer for Multi-Dimensional Signal Processing," S. G. Azevedo, J. M. Brase, H. E. Martz, A. K. Jain, K. W. Current, and P. J. Hurst, Proc. ICASSP, (May 1989)1457.
  57. "Model-Based Algorithms for Limited-Data Tomography," S. G. Azevedo, D. J. Schneberk, H. E. Martz, and M. F. Skeate, Proc of ASNT Topical Conference on Industrial Computerized Tomography , July 25–27, Seattle, Wash., American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, (1989)102.
  58. "Tomographic Image Reconstruction Using Systolic Array Algorithms," S. G. Azevedo, A. J. De Groot, D. J. Schneberk, J. M. Brase, H. E. Martz, A. K. Jain, K. W. Current, and P. J. Hurst, Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, D. O. Thompson and D. E. Chimenti, Eds., (Plenum Press, New York, 1989)415.
  1. 2000 R&D 100 WIT-NDA (Waste Inspection Tomography for Nondestructive Assay)
  2. “Best Paper” “Assay of Contained Waste Using Active and Passive Computed Tomography,” Radiation Protection and Shielding Division, American Nuclear Society 1999 Winter Meeting, Long Beach, CA, November 14-18, 1999
  3. 1998 Director’s Performance Award Active and Passive Computed Tomography
  4. Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer 1990 Award of Merit